Christa Pullins Date: 03/25/08 Period: 6/7 Biology Class Genetic Mutation -- Cancer
The word cancer actually refers to many diseases, not one. There are more than 100 types of diseases known collectively as cancer. What they are, are an overgrowth of cells. Cancer malignancy, occurs when cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Normal body cells grow and divide over a period of time until they eventually die. But cancer cells continue to grow and divide and grow and divide. Eventually, they gather to form tumors. Tumors are lumps that can interfere with the body's normal processes. Sometimes cells from a tumor break away and travel to a different tissue or organ. This is called metastasis. But most cancers can be treated and controlled, and many people with cancer get better and lead normal lives. No one really knows why cancer grows in certain people. Scientists and researchers are working to discover why some people get cancer and others do not. This will help them to learn whether cancer can be prevented or not. Doctors do have some ideas about why people may get cancer, though. The main reasons are genetics and certain environmental or behavioral triggers. The tendency to develop some types of cancer is believed to be inherited from parent to child, (the genes you were born with might carry an allel for cancer). For example, if a close relative has had cancer of the breast or the heart, you may be more likely to inherit those type of cancers, even though you may never actually get them. Some behavioral and environmental triggers can cause changes in the body's cells that push them into a cancerous state. For example, cigarettes are known to increase the risk of lung cancer. Too much exposure to the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. These types of triggers act on the body slowly over time, so the cancers that may result from them don't show up until a person is an adult. That's one reason why teens don't get the same types of cancers as adults do. Doctors do know for sure that cancer itself is not contagious, so you don't have to worry about catching it from someone else or spreading it to another person (but people with certain infectious diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis are more vulnerable to certain cancers). Cancer is also never a person's fault. It's simply not true that a person may have done something wrong to get the disease. This is what I learned about the mutation cancer.
Types of cancer:
*Bone Cancer *Brain Cancer *Breast Cancer *Endocrine Cancer *Gastrointestinal Cancer *Gynecologic Cancer *Head & Neck Cancer *Leukemia *Lung Cancer *Lymphoma *Multiple Myeloma *Prostate Cancer *Skin Cancer *Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Christa Pullins Date: 03/25/08 Period: 6/7 Biology Class Genetic Mutation -- Cancer
The word cancer actually refers to many diseases, not one. There are more than 100 types of diseases known collectively as cancer. What they are, are an overgrowth of cells. Cancer malignancy, occurs when cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Normal body cells grow and divide over a period of time until they eventually die. But cancer cells continue to grow and divide and grow and divide. Eventually, they gather to form tumors. Tumors are lumps that can interfere with the body's normal processes. Sometimes cells from a tumor break away and travel to a different tissue or organ. This is called metastasis. But most cancers can be treated and controlled, and many people with cancer get better and lead normal lives. No one really knows why cancer grows in certain people. Scientists and researchers are working to discover why some people get cancer and others do not. This will help them to learn whether cancer can be prevented or not. Doctors do have some ideas about why people may get cancer, though. The main reasons are genetics and certain environmental or behavioral triggers. The tendency to develop some types of cancer is believed to be inherited from parent to child, (the genes you were born with might carry an allel for cancer). For example, if a close relative has had cancer of the breast or the heart, you may be more likely to inherit those type of cancers, even though you may never actually get them. Some behavioral and environmental triggers can cause changes in the body's cells that push them into a cancerous state. For example, cigarettes are known to increase the risk of lung cancer. Too much exposure to the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. These types of triggers act on the body slowly over time, so the cancers that may result from them don't show up until a person is an adult. That's one reason why teens don't get the same types of cancers as adults do. Doctors do know for sure that cancer itself is not contagious, so you don't have to worry about catching it from someone else or spreading it to another person (but people with certain infectious diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis are more vulnerable to certain cancers). Cancer is also never a person's fault. It's simply not true that a person may have done something wrong to get the disease. This is what I learned about the mutation cancer.
Types of cancer:
*Bone Cancer *Brain Cancer *Breast Cancer *Endocrine Cancer *Gastrointestinal Cancer *Gynecologic Cancer *Head & Neck Cancer *Leukemia *Lung Cancer *Lymphoma *Multiple Myeloma *Prostate Cancer *Skin Cancer *Soft Tissue Sarcoma
A specific genetic mutation is a gene called OCA2 which is ivolved in the production of melanin the pigment that gives color to hair, eyes, and skin. Blue eyes resulted of ancient genetic mutation planet today, originally we all had brown eyes said Hans Eiberg from the unversity of copenhase. Which to be said that blue eye color must likely orginated from the near east area or northwest part of the black sea region, where the great argriculture migration to the northern part of Europe took place in the neolithic periods about 6-10,000 years ago. he mutation affected a gene called OCA2 and literally turned off the ability to produce brown eyes the mutation in the adjacent gene does not switch off the OCA gene entirely but limit it's action.
A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.
A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.
I chose a topic on scientist find a DNA change that accounts for white skin. I picked this DNA discovery because its different from the rest of them. The reason I chose this topic because it stood out to me and I would like to what DNA says where white people come from. In this article it says skin-whitening mutation occured in Africa. Where all people were brown skinned. The person offspring thrived as humans moved north to Europe to give rise to the lightset of the worlds race. Students at Peen University found a discovery called the race gene when they defined race and how they says it shows how small a biological difference is reflected by skin color. This new found information is founded by a mutation change of just one letter of DNA code of 3.1 billion letters in humans genomes.This is the complete information for making a human being.
Failing to find a doctor capable of treating their young son Lorenzo's rare disease, Augusto and Michaela Odone seek their own cure. They set out on a mission to find a treatment and save their child. In their quest for a treatment the Odones clash with doctors, scientists, and support groups, who are skeptical that anything could be done about ALD, much less by laypeople. But they persist, setting up camp in medical libraries, reviewing animal experiments, badgering researchers, questioning top doctors all over the world, and even organizing an international symposium about the disease. Despite dead ends of research, the horror of watching their son's health decline, and being surrounded by skeptics (including the coordinators of the support group they attend), they persist until they finally hit upon a therapy involving adding a certain kind of oil (actually olive oil with two specific long chain fatty acids removed) to their son's diet. They contact over 100 firms around the world until they find an elderly British chemist working for Croda International who is willing to take on the challenge of distilling the proper formula. It proves successful in normalizing the accumulation of the very long chain fatty acids in the brain that have been causing their son's steady decline, thereby halting the progression of the disease. There is still a great deal of neurological damage remaining which cannot be reversed until new treatments are found to regenerate the myelin sheath (a lipid insulator) around the nerves.
The film ends with Lorenzo at the age of 14 showing definite improvement (he can swallow for himself and answer yes or no questions by blinking) but indicating more medical research is still needed. The end credits of the film say that Lorenzo also regained his sight and was learning to use a computer. Many healthy children are shown who, having followed a course of treatment with Lorenzo's oil, have remained symptom-free. Lorenzo can communicate again via a modified sign language, and that Augusto Odone later received an honorary M.D. for his pioneering work in researching and discovering a significant treatment for ALD.
There are lots of different types of cancer but I will be focusing on Lymphoma. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are types white blood cells in the vertebrate. These cells circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream and in the lymphatic system which is part of the body's immune system.There are several different types of lymphocytes, the major types being the B-lymphocyte and the T-lymphocyte.Any one of these cells or a combination of them can be involved in lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with the production of one or more abnormal cells in one or more of the lymph nodes, areas where lymphocytes congregate. People who have lymphoma may experience painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpits, neck, and/or groin. They may experience fatigue, fever, night sweats, unintended weight loss, a loss of appetite, itchiness, and neck or flank pain. If the lymph node is in the chest, it may affect the person’s breathing and if it is in someones abdomen, it may cause pains. Some patients may have no noticeable signs while others might have a low-grade fever. Usually, there are swollen lymph nodes, but the node may not be visible or felt by the patient or physician. This is what lymphoma is, the symptoms of it, and what it does.
Genetic Mutaion--Diabetes iabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles.
There are 20.8 million children and adults in the United States, or 7% of the population, who have diabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6.2 million people (or nearly one-third) are unaware that they have the disease.
In order to determine whether or not a patient has pre-diabetes or diabetes, health care providers conduct a Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose pre-diabetes or diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends the FPG because it is easier, faster, and less expensive to perform.
With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher has diabetes.
In the OGTT test, a person's blood glucose level is measured after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose-rich beverage. If the two-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If the two-hour blood glucose level is at 200 mg/dl or higher, the person tested has diabetes.
There are four Different types of Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes Pre- diabetes
Every organism has a set of genes and half of the genes of that organism come from each parent. The combinations of the genes causes the variation of individuals within the species. The genes of a butterfly, an ape or a fowl carry the code that determines the appearance and the character of the butterfly, the ape and the fowl. The genetic code allows an overwhelming variety within the species of the kind. However, a mutation of the gene will not break through the barrier of the species or the kind. A mutation is basically a gene that has an abnormality in relation to its normal configuration. The abnormality can then be passed to successive offspring, thereby producing a marked difference. There are many different types of mutations. The smallest possible genetic mutation is a 'point-mutation'. This occurs in the DNA when the base-pairs combine with the 'wrong' partner. Multiple point-mutations are common and are found to increase substantially by the effect of mutagens. Mutations are, of course, heritable and these can extend to whole or part chromosomal mutations. Because many genes are affected by a chromosomal mutation, these often have drastic ramifications on the offspring. Against hard evidence, mutations are supposed to produce the changes that drive the wheels of evolution. Evolution scientists tell us that these mutations would happen by the millions and in groups; not just in individuals here and there, but waves of mutations would hit whole groups of colonies, mutating them as colonies, up the ladder of evolution, becoming more complex and ordered each time.
namir3/4 A breast cancer (BRCA) gene test is a blood test to check for specific changes (mutations) in genes that help control normal cell growth. Finding changes in these genes, called BRCA1 and BRCA2, can help determine your chance of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. A BRCA gene test does not test for cancer itself. This test is only done for people with a strong family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer, and sometimes for those who already have one of these diseases.
Shawanda8/9 Specific genetic mutations may account for nearly one-third of all bladder cancers.The bladder is an organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine after it is released from the kidneys until it is passed out of the body. Bladder cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer in the United States and causes approximately 13,000 deaths annually. Bladder cancer occurs predominantly in elderly men and less frequently in women and younger men.As knowledge regarding the practical application of genetics moves forward in the medical arena, the identification of specific genetic mutations that place an individual at a higher risk of a specific cancer may allow for appropriate screening.
Gene mutation is the change of the sequence of the gene. For example, mutation in sickle cell anaemia. Point mutations occur when one base on a DNA strand is replaced. That effects the result protein. Great distortions can arise during transcription and translation, which means, the DNA will be read wrong, and will not produce the needed protein correctly. In the case of sickle cell anaemia, a haemoglobin molecule is crystalline and makes the red blood cell crescent shaped. One slight change in the sequence can completely alter the information.
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that is the loss of muscle tissues or weakens the muscles.This mostly affects the face, shoulders, and upper arms.It appears in both men, women and children, if one of the parents is a carrier.This disorder usually occurs in 5 out of 100,000 people.Symptons are; eyelid dropping, unable to whistle,decreased facial expression, and difficulty pronouning words.These symptons don't occur until about 10-26 years of age.To diagnose this disorder a physical examination is done to reveal weaskness of the face and shoulders,high blood pressure, or an eye exam.There is no cure for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy but there is physical therapy that could help maintain muscle strength.
A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. The genetic mutation I chose to research is Breast Cancer. Cancer results when cells accumulate genetic errors and multiply without control. Today, most inherited cases of breast cancer have been associated with two genes: BRCA1, which stands for BReast CAncer gene one, and BRCA2, or BReast CAncer gene two. The function of these genes is to keep breast cells growing normally and to prevent any cancer cell growth. But when these genes contain abnormalities, or mutations, they are associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Abnormal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers. Women diagnosed with breast cancer who have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene often have a family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. But it's also important to remember that most women with breast cancer have no family history of the disease. Identifying BRCA1 and BRCA2 has led to new techniques for lowering, detecting, and treating breast cancer, and lowering the risk for the disease. For women who wish to be tested, we can now establish whether the two genes are normal or not.
On January 28, 2008, scientists discovered that atleast 1% of austism is caused by too little or too much of a particular strand of an estima6ted 25 genes on chromosome 16. Discovering this cause can lead to treatment to children diagnosed with austism. -Michel Lee
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. Worldwide, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer after lung cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer death. However, among women worldwide, breast cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer, both in incidence and death. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths worldwide. The number of cases worldwide has significantly increased since the 1970s, a phenomenon partly blamed on modern lifestyles in the Western world.Breast cancer incidence is much higher in the Western world, whether in Europe or North America, than in third world countries. North American women have the highest incidence of breast cancer in the world. Among women in the U.S., breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second-most common cause of cancer death. Women in the U.S. have a 1 in 8 lifetime chance of developing invasive breast cancer and a 1 in 35 chance of breast cancer causing their death. In 2007, breast cancer was expected to cause 40,910 deaths in the U.S.
Sunburn and UV light can cause damage to your skin. There are other factors including your heredity and the environment you live in. Tanning is a protective reaction to prevent further injury to your skin from the sun. However it does not prevent skin cancer. Skin cancer is very slow the develop. The sunburn you recieve may take up to 20 years to become skin cancer.
Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases (A,G,C,T). Human DNA consists of about 3 million bases and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
There are many different types of breast cancer.Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply without control or order to form a tumor.. The most common form of breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts that carry milk to the nipple.This is called ductal cancer.When you first get breast cancer it usually does not cause pain and you may not notice any symptoms.As the cancer progresses, signs and symptoms can include a lump or thickening in or near the breast, a change in the size or shape of the breast,nipple discharge, tenderness or retraction or skin irritation.If breast cancer spreads cancerous cells then might appear in the bones, liver, lungs, or brain.
MARQUICHA GREENE :] A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. One type of gene mutation is deletion. A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s). Such changes in genes and proteins control why your hair might be curly rather than straight, how tall you are, and why you might be at risk for developing cancer. Cancer, for example, can occur because one or more of your body's proteins are not acting correctly. They tell your cells to do things they normally wouldn't do — like multiply out of control. One specific type of cancer is Skin Cancer. Skin cancer is the cancer that forms in the tissues. There are several different types of skin cancer. Skin cancer that forms in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment) is called melanoma. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.
Another person lived inside a man for nearly four decades. Fetus in fetus happens very early in a twin pregnancy, when one fetus wraps around and envelops the other. The dominant fetus grows, while the fetus that would have been its twin lives on throughout the pregnancy, feeding off its host twin like die before birth from the strain of sharing a placenta. In Bhagatcase was the host twin survives and his delivered. That make his case so unusual is that no one suspected Bhagat has a twin inside him for 36years. Bhagat said he was very much relived after his operation. How a man can have twin living in him how can that happen? On August 23, 2006, Sanju Bhagat stomach was once so swollen he looked nine months pregnant and could barely breathe. Living in the city of Nagpur, India, Bhagat he’d said felt self-conscious his whole life about his big bell. How can a man carry his brother in his bell and a man doesn’t have a womb so he can’t have a baby. But some rare pregnancies in women occur outside the womb, in or near the place where the baby is normally conceived. Bhagat twin was in his bell how can the gene pass from his mother to her son.
Jenay Smith 3/27/08 Period: 8-9 Genetic Mutation – Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a general term for a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. It is divided into two major categories Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. 71,380 people in the United States are going to be diagnosed with lymphoma in 2007. You know someone has this mutation when, a type of white blood cell called lymphocyte undergoes a malignant change. They begin to multiply and get rid of healthy cells whail creating tumors that enlarge parts of the immune system.
Symptoms of this mutation is a painless swelling of the neck, underarm, or in the groin. Fevers, chills, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, lack of energy, and itching.
Mutations occur with changes in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material. Every human has a change that occurs in their DNA over time. Sometimes copying errors occurs when DNA is replicating itself. Most changes occur though environmental agents like cigarette smoke, and radiation. Also some of the changes occur in cells in the body, like skin cells for example. Luckily these cells are not passed on to children.
Vondell Saunders Biology Missense Mutation Missense Mutation is a type of point mutation. It is where single nucleotides are changed to cause substitution of different amino acids. That can render the resulting protein nonfunctional.This mutation is responsible for Epidermolysis bullosa, and sickle cell disease. Not all Missense Mutations lead to major protein changes. With a Missense Mutation, the new nucleotide alters the codon so as to produce an altered amino acid in the protein product. Its a a mutation that results in the substitution of an amino acid in a protein. This mutation is a genetic change involving the substitution of one base in the DNA for another which results in the substitution of one amino acid in a polypeptide for another. The first missense mutation discovered in humans was responsible for sickle hemoglobin, the molecular basis of sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia.Missense Mutation is predicted to disrupt DNA's binding causes.
Mutations occur with changes in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material. Every human has a change that occurs in their DNA over time. Sometimes copying errors occurs when DNA is replicating itself. Most changes occur though environmental agents like cigarette smoke, and radiation. Also some of the changes occur in cells in the body, like skin cells for example. Luckily these cells are not passed on to children.
There is also an adulthood form of ALD which occurs in men. The disease is called Adrenomyleueropathy, or AMN. AMN causes demylination of the spinal cord and gives people bowel disturbances. Scientist and researchers identified more than 4,000 genetic diseases. Millions people around the world are diagnosed with genetic diseases. Those people who have been diagnosed with are very unfortunate. There are many foundations helping to cure diseases. Those diagnosed are just waiting for the cure.
As I was reading your essay I learned that there are more thanb 100 different types of cancer. I also learned that Gene mutations is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.
As I was reading your essay I learned that there are more than 100 different types of cancer. I also learned that Gene mutations is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.
Approximately 300 million people worldwide are affected by malaria and between 1 and 1.5 million people die from it every year. Previously extremely widespread, the malaria is now mainly confined to Africa, Asia and Latin America. The problems of controlling malaria in these countries are aggravated by inadequate health structures and poor socioeconomic conditions. The situation has become even more complex over the last few years with the increase in resistance to the drugs normally used to combat the parasite that causes the disease. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium can produce the disease in its various forms: 0. Plasmodium falciparum 0. Plasmodium vivax 0. Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malaria
P. falciparum is the most widespread and dangerous of the four: untreated it can lead to fatal cerebral malaria
Malaria parasites are transmitted from one person to another by the female anopheline mosquito. The males do not transmit the disease as they feed only on plant juices. There are about 380 species of anopheline mosquito, but only 60 or so are able to transmit the parasite. Like all other mosquitos, the anophelines breed in water, each species having its preferred breeding grounds, feeding patterns and resting place. Their sensitivity to insecticides is also highly variable.
One look around a room tells you that each person has slight differences in their physical make up — and therefore in their DNA. These subtle variations in DNA are called polymorphisms (literally "many forms"). Many of these gene polymorphisms account for slight differences between people such as hair and eye color. But some gene variations may result in disease or an increased risk for disease. Although all polymorphisms are the result of a mutation in the gene, geneticists only refer to a change as a mutation when it is not part of the normal variations between people.
One look around a room tells you that each person has slight differences in their physical make up — and therefore in their DNA. These subtle variations in DNA are called polymorphisms (literally "many forms"). Many of these gene polymorphisms account for slight differences between people such as hair and eye color. But some gene variations may result in disease or an increased risk for disease. Although all polymorphisms are the result of a mutation in the gene, geneticists only refer to a change as a mutation when it is not part of the normal variations between people.
LUNG CANCER IS A GENE MUTATION IT IS AN UN-CONTROLLED GROTH OF ABNORMAL CELLS IN LUNG TISSUE. A CLUSTER OF THESE CELLS IS CALLED A TUMOR WHICH CAN CONTINUE TO GROW AND INTERFERE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTIONS. SMOKING CIGARETTES, CIGARS OR ANY TYPE OF TOBACCO OR SMOKE TO THE LUNGS MAY CAUSE LUNG CANCER.
Men carrying a genetic mutation that significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in women are at a greater risk of prostate and pancreatic cancers than men without the mutation.
Although the gene does not seem to have as great an effect as other established cancer genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer, it may be present in a greater number of persons, the scientists say.
The gene may be implicated in such cancers as chronic myeloid leukemia, as well as thyroid, colorectal, breast, lung, or early stage pancreatic tumors.
Cancer gene mutations are found in one percent of the total general population. Some researchers showed that a lifetime risk for breast,orarian and other cancers are elevated for people carrying the BRCA/2 mutations. Some mutations have higher and some lower risk for developing cancers. Cancer risk differed for each gene according to the mutations position in the gene. I have a quote from a website by Risch, he is from the Yale cancer center. "When choosing which individuals to screen for muatations, we should consider all kinds of cancers among family members, not just cancers in females."
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells, a disorder of cell division. Cancer does react normally to the body's control mechanism. Cancer forms tumors that can prevent the body part from working normally. This is caused by agents called carcinogens such as sunlight or tobacco smoke. By Atiya Groomes 8/9 March 24, 2008 7:40 PM
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells, a disorder of cell division. Cancer does react normally to the body's control mechanism. Cancer forms tumors that can prevent the body part from working normally. This is caused by agents called carcinogens such as sunlight or tobacco smoke. By Atiya Groomes 8/9 March 24, 2008 7:40 PM
adrenoleukodystrophy is a heriditary disease that is passed from mother to son. ALD is found on the x chromosome and therefore only males get it. ALD is a disease that eats away at the myelin i a person. and eventually a person looses all basic functions. they experience loss of sight, hearing, have seizures and suffer from adrenal insuffiency, eventaully go mute, are immobile and are basically in a vegetative state. oils are used in a persons diet to help reduce these symptoms and lower their c-26 levels. ALD can also be cured if diagnosed early enough in it's stages.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) (also known as Schilder's Disease and Sudanophilic Leukodystrophy) is a rare inherited disorder that leads to progressive brain damage, failure of the adrenal gland and eventually death. ALD is one disease in a group of inherited disorders called Leukodystrophies. Adrenoleukodystrophy progressively damages the myelin, a complex fatty neural tissue that insulates many nerves of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Without myelin, nerves are unable to conduct an impulse, leading to increasing disability as myelin destruction increases and intensifies. An essential protein, called a transporter protein, is missing in sufferers. This protein is needed to carry an enzyme which is used to break down long chain fatty acids found in the normal diet. A build up of these long chain fatty acids in the body due to this can cause damage to the brain and the adrenal gland. The victims of ALD are nearly always male, with about one in five women carrying the disease developing a milder form in adult life. There are several different types of the disease which can be inherited in two different ways. It is more commonly inherited as an X-linked condition. Although this disorder affects the growth and/or development of myelin, Leukodystrophies are different from demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis where myelin is formed normally but is lost by immunologic dysfunction or for other reasons.
I research on albinism it is a genetic disorder that is transmitted by a recesive trait. It makes you lack pigments that protects your body from ultra violent rays.Every person with condition will have a parent with the condition
A gene is essentially a sentence made up of the bases A, T, G, and C that describes how to make a protein. Any changes to those instructions can alter the gene's meaning and change the protein that is made, or how or when a cell makes that protein. There are many different ways to alter a gene, just as there are many different ways to introduce typos into a sentence. In the following examples of some types of mutations, we use the sentence "The fat cat ate the wee rat" as a sample gene: Point Mutation A point mutation is a simple change in one base of the gene sequence. This is equivalent to changing one letter in a sentence, such as this example, where we change the 'c' in cat to an 'h':
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Point Mutation The fat hat ate the wee rat.
Frame-shift mutation Frame-shift mutations. In a frame shift mutation, one or more bases are inserted or deleted, the equivalent of adding or removing letters in a sentence. But because our cells read DNA in three letter "words", adding or removing one letter changes each subsequent word. This type of mutation can make the DNA meaningless and often results in a shortened protein. An example of a frame-shift mutation using our sample sentence is when the 't' from cat is removed, but we keep the original letter spacing:
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift The fat caa tet hew eer at.
Deletion Mutations that result in missing DNA are called deletions. These can be small, such as the removal of just one "word," or longer deletions that affect a large number of genes on the chromosome. Deletions can also cause frameshift mutations. In this example, the deletion eliminated the word cat.
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Deletion The fat ate the wee rat.
Insertion Mutations that result in the addition of extra DNA are called insertions. Insertions can also cause frameshift mutations, and general result in a nonfunctional protein.
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.
Inversion In an inversion mutation, an entire section of DNA is reversed. A small inversion may involve only a few bases within a gene, while longer inversions involve large regions of a chromosome containing several genes.
Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Insertion The fat tar eew eht eta tac.
DNA expression mutation There are many types of mutations that change not the protein itself but where and how much of a protein is made. These types of changes in DNA can result in proteins being made at the wrong time or in the wrong cell type. Changes can also occur that result in too much or too little of the protein being made.
What is Germline mutation? Gerline mutation is a gene change in the body’s reproductive cell that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. Germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. This is also called hereditary mutation. Germline mutation is any detectable, heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells are transmitted to offspring while those in somatic cells are not. You would usually find this in animals, where germ cells are distinct from somatic cells.
Hey, what if you could put a leopard and a lion together in one body? Well you can it’s called a leopon. A leopon comes from breeding a male leopard and female lion. The head is similar to a lion and the rest of the body is similar to a leopard. This stunning creature was born first in Kolhapur, India in 1910. It had two cubs, one died aged 2 and half months and the other was still alive when Pocock described it in 1912. Pocock said that it was spotted like a leopard, but the spots on its sides were smaller and closer set than an Indian leopard and were brown and faint like fading spots of a juvenile lion. The spots on the head, spine, belly and legs were black and distinct. The tail was spotted on the topside and striped underneath and had a blackish tip with longer hairs. Under it was dirty white, the ears were fawn and had a broad black bar but did not have the white spot found in leopards. Pocock wrote that the closest he had previously seen to this type of hybrid was the lijagulep (Congolese Spotted Lion) bred in Chicago.
One group of innovative students in period 3-4 biology wrote this poem to explain how bromeliads, such as pineapples, have helped small creatures adapt in sheltered pools found inside their stiff, cupped leaves:
"Find a Home in the Bromeliads"
I feel like a frog with my child on my back. That pineapple is where my tadpole will lay. That pineapple that bromeliad, coming all the way from Central land, South America, holds my child in its leaves. Those 175,000 bromelieads per hectare in that forest holds many a child and many a home. It doesn't matter the size, wither it's 20 quadrillion times smaller than Lake Tanganyika, one of your leaf pools can be home to quite a menagerie. Many find sustenance and nourishment in your leaves, dear bromeliads. Salamander and crabs alike find life.
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Christa Pullins Date: 03/25/08
Period: 6/7 Biology Class
Genetic Mutation -- Cancer
The word cancer actually refers to many diseases, not one. There are more than 100 types of diseases known collectively as cancer. What they are, are an overgrowth of cells. Cancer malignancy, occurs when cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Normal body cells grow and divide over a period of time until they eventually die. But cancer cells continue to grow and divide and grow and divide. Eventually, they gather to form tumors. Tumors are lumps that can interfere with the body's normal processes. Sometimes cells from a tumor break away and travel to a different tissue or organ. This is called metastasis. But most cancers can be treated and controlled, and many people with cancer get better and lead normal lives. No one really knows why cancer grows in certain people. Scientists and researchers are working to discover why some people get cancer and others do not. This will help them to learn whether cancer can be prevented or not. Doctors do have some ideas about why people may get cancer, though. The main reasons are genetics and certain environmental or behavioral triggers. The tendency to develop some types of cancer is believed to be inherited from parent to child, (the genes you were born with might carry an allel for cancer). For example, if a close relative has had cancer of the breast or the heart, you may be more likely to inherit those type of cancers, even though you may never actually get them. Some behavioral and environmental triggers can cause changes in the body's cells that push them into a cancerous state. For example, cigarettes are known to increase the risk of lung cancer. Too much exposure to the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. These types of triggers act on the body slowly over time, so the cancers that may result from them don't show up until a person is an adult. That's one reason why teens don't get the same types of cancers as adults do. Doctors do know for sure that cancer itself is not contagious, so you don't have to worry about catching it from someone else or spreading it to another person (but people with certain infectious diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis are more vulnerable to certain cancers). Cancer is also never a person's fault. It's simply not true that a person may have done something wrong to get the disease. This is what I learned about the mutation cancer.
Types of cancer:
*Bone Cancer
*Brain Cancer
*Breast Cancer
*Endocrine Cancer
*Gastrointestinal Cancer
*Gynecologic Cancer
*Head & Neck Cancer
*Leukemia
*Lung Cancer
*Lymphoma
*Multiple Myeloma
*Prostate Cancer
*Skin Cancer
*Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Christa Pullins Date: 03/25/08
Period: 6/7 Biology Class
Genetic Mutation -- Cancer
The word cancer actually refers to many diseases, not one. There are more than 100 types of diseases known collectively as cancer. What they are, are an overgrowth of cells. Cancer malignancy, occurs when cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Normal body cells grow and divide over a period of time until they eventually die. But cancer cells continue to grow and divide and grow and divide. Eventually, they gather to form tumors. Tumors are lumps that can interfere with the body's normal processes. Sometimes cells from a tumor break away and travel to a different tissue or organ. This is called metastasis. But most cancers can be treated and controlled, and many people with cancer get better and lead normal lives. No one really knows why cancer grows in certain people. Scientists and researchers are working to discover why some people get cancer and others do not. This will help them to learn whether cancer can be prevented or not. Doctors do have some ideas about why people may get cancer, though. The main reasons are genetics and certain environmental or behavioral triggers. The tendency to develop some types of cancer is believed to be inherited from parent to child, (the genes you were born with might carry an allel for cancer). For example, if a close relative has had cancer of the breast or the heart, you may be more likely to inherit those type of cancers, even though you may never actually get them. Some behavioral and environmental triggers can cause changes in the body's cells that push them into a cancerous state. For example, cigarettes are known to increase the risk of lung cancer. Too much exposure to the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. These types of triggers act on the body slowly over time, so the cancers that may result from them don't show up until a person is an adult. That's one reason why teens don't get the same types of cancers as adults do. Doctors do know for sure that cancer itself is not contagious, so you don't have to worry about catching it from someone else or spreading it to another person (but people with certain infectious diseases such as AIDS or hepatitis are more vulnerable to certain cancers). Cancer is also never a person's fault. It's simply not true that a person may have done something wrong to get the disease. This is what I learned about the mutation cancer.
Types of cancer:
*Bone Cancer
*Brain Cancer
*Breast Cancer
*Endocrine Cancer
*Gastrointestinal Cancer
*Gynecologic Cancer
*Head & Neck Cancer
*Leukemia
*Lung Cancer
*Lymphoma
*Multiple Myeloma
*Prostate Cancer
*Skin Cancer
*Soft Tissue Sarcoma
A specific genetic mutation is a gene called OCA2 which is ivolved in the production of melanin the pigment that gives color to hair, eyes, and skin. Blue eyes resulted of ancient genetic mutation planet today, originally we all had brown eyes said Hans Eiberg from the unversity of copenhase. Which to be said that blue eye color must likely orginated from the near east area or northwest part of the black sea region, where the great argriculture migration to the northern part of Europe took place in the neolithic periods about 6-10,000 years ago. he mutation affected a gene called OCA2 and literally turned off the ability to produce brown eyes the mutation in the adjacent gene does not switch off the OCA gene entirely but limit it's action.
Nonsense mutation
A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.
Nonsense mutation
A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.
Katonya Leach
March 27, 2008
I chose a topic on scientist find a DNA change that accounts for white skin. I picked this DNA discovery because its different from the rest of them. The reason I chose this topic because it stood out to me and I would like to what DNA says where white people come from. In this article it says skin-whitening mutation occured in Africa. Where all people were brown skinned. The person offspring thrived as humans moved north to Europe to give rise to the lightset of the worlds race. Students at Peen University found a discovery called the race gene when they defined race and how they says it shows how small a biological difference is reflected by skin color. This new found information is founded by a mutation change of just one letter of DNA code of 3.1 billion letters in humans genomes.This is the complete information for making a human being.
I found my information at www. washingtonpost.com
Failing to find a doctor capable of treating their young son Lorenzo's rare disease, Augusto and Michaela Odone seek their own cure. They set out on a mission to find a treatment and save their child. In their quest for a treatment the Odones clash with doctors, scientists, and support groups, who are skeptical that anything could be done about ALD, much less by laypeople. But they persist, setting up camp in medical libraries, reviewing animal experiments, badgering researchers, questioning top doctors all over the world, and even organizing an international symposium about the disease. Despite dead ends of research, the horror of watching their son's health decline, and being surrounded by skeptics (including the coordinators of the support group they attend), they persist until they finally hit upon a therapy involving adding a certain kind of oil (actually olive oil with two specific long chain fatty acids removed) to their son's diet. They contact over 100 firms around the world until they find an elderly British chemist working for Croda International who is willing to take on the challenge of distilling the proper formula. It proves successful in normalizing the accumulation of the very long chain fatty acids in the brain that have been causing their son's steady decline, thereby halting the progression of the disease. There is still a great deal of neurological damage remaining which cannot be reversed until new treatments are found to regenerate the myelin sheath (a lipid insulator) around the nerves.
The film ends with Lorenzo at the age of 14 showing definite improvement (he can swallow for himself and answer yes or no questions by blinking) but indicating more medical research is still needed. The end credits of the film say that Lorenzo also regained his sight and was learning to use a computer. Many healthy children are shown who, having followed a course of treatment with Lorenzo's oil, have remained symptom-free. Lorenzo can communicate again via a modified sign language, and that Augusto Odone later received an honorary M.D. for his pioneering work in researching and discovering a significant treatment for ALD.
[edit]
There are lots of different types of cancer but I will be focusing on Lymphoma. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are types white blood cells in the vertebrate. These cells circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream and in the lymphatic system which is part of the body's immune system.There are several different types of lymphocytes, the major types being the B-lymphocyte and the T-lymphocyte.Any one of these cells or a combination of them can be involved in lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with the production of one or more abnormal cells in one or more of the lymph nodes, areas where lymphocytes congregate. People who have lymphoma may experience painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpits, neck, and/or groin. They may experience fatigue, fever, night sweats, unintended weight loss, a loss of appetite, itchiness, and neck or flank pain. If the lymph node is in the chest, it may affect the person’s breathing and if it is in someones abdomen, it may cause pains. Some patients may have no noticeable signs while others might have a low-grade fever. Usually, there are swollen lymph nodes, but the node may not be visible or felt by the patient or physician. This is what lymphoma is, the symptoms of it, and what it does.
Genetic Mutaion--Diabetes
iabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles.
There are 20.8 million children and adults in the United States, or 7% of the population, who have diabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6.2 million people (or nearly one-third) are unaware that they have the disease.
In order to determine whether or not a patient has pre-diabetes or diabetes, health care providers conduct a Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose pre-diabetes or diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends the FPG because it is easier, faster, and less expensive to perform.
With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher has diabetes.
In the OGTT test, a person's blood glucose level is measured after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose-rich beverage. If the two-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If the two-hour blood glucose level is at 200 mg/dl or higher, the person tested has diabetes.
There are four Different types of Diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Pre- diabetes
My Mutation is on a 5-legged Cow
Every organism has a set of genes and half of the genes of that organism come from each parent. The combinations of the genes causes the variation of individuals within the species. The genes of a butterfly, an ape or a fowl carry the code that determines the appearance and the character of the butterfly, the ape and the fowl. The genetic code allows an overwhelming variety within the species of the kind. However, a mutation of the gene will not break through the barrier of the species or the kind. A mutation is basically a gene that has an abnormality in relation to its normal configuration. The abnormality can then be passed to successive offspring, thereby producing a marked difference. There are many different types of mutations. The smallest possible genetic mutation is a 'point-mutation'. This occurs in the DNA when the base-pairs combine with the 'wrong' partner. Multiple point-mutations are common and are found to increase substantially by the effect of mutagens. Mutations are, of course, heritable and these can extend to whole or part chromosomal mutations. Because many genes are affected by a chromosomal mutation, these often have drastic ramifications on the offspring. Against hard evidence, mutations are supposed to produce the changes that drive the wheels of evolution. Evolution scientists tell us that these mutations would happen by the millions and in groups; not just in individuals here and there, but waves of mutations would hit whole groups of colonies, mutating them as colonies, up the ladder of evolution, becoming more complex and ordered each time.
namir3/4 A breast cancer (BRCA) gene test is a blood test to check for specific changes (mutations) in genes that help control normal cell growth. Finding changes in these genes, called BRCA1 and BRCA2, can help determine your chance of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. A BRCA gene test does not test for cancer itself. This test is only done for people with a strong family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer, and sometimes for those who already have one of these diseases.
Shawanda8/9 Specific genetic mutations may account for nearly one-third of all bladder cancers.The bladder is an organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine after it is released from the kidneys until it is passed out of the body. Bladder cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer in the United States and causes approximately 13,000 deaths annually. Bladder cancer occurs predominantly in elderly men and less frequently in women and younger men.As knowledge regarding the practical application of genetics moves forward in the medical arena, the identification of specific genetic mutations that place an individual at a higher risk of a specific cancer may allow for appropriate screening.
Gene mutation is the change of the sequence of the gene. For example, mutation in sickle cell anaemia. Point mutations occur when one base on a DNA strand is replaced. That effects the result protein. Great distortions can arise during transcription and translation, which means, the DNA will be read wrong, and will not produce the needed protein correctly. In the case of sickle cell anaemia, a haemoglobin molecule is crystalline and makes the red blood cell crescent shaped. One slight change in the sequence can completely alter the information.
Shanice Murray-6/7
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that is the loss of muscle tissues or weakens the muscles.This mostly affects the face, shoulders, and upper arms.It appears in both men, women and children, if one of the parents is a carrier.This disorder usually occurs in 5 out of 100,000 people.Symptons are; eyelid dropping, unable to whistle,decreased facial expression, and difficulty pronouning words.These symptons don't occur until about 10-26 years of age.To diagnose this disorder a physical examination is done to reveal weaskness of the face and shoulders,high blood pressure, or an eye exam.There is no cure for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy but there is physical therapy that could help maintain muscle strength.
What is a Genetic Mutation?
A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. The genetic mutation I chose to research is Breast Cancer. Cancer results when cells accumulate genetic errors and multiply without control. Today, most inherited cases of breast cancer have been associated with two genes: BRCA1, which stands for BReast CAncer gene one, and BRCA2, or BReast CAncer gene two. The function of these genes is to keep breast cells growing normally and to prevent any cancer cell growth. But when these genes contain abnormalities, or mutations, they are associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Abnormal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers. Women diagnosed with breast cancer who have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene often have a family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. But it's also important to remember that most women with breast cancer have no family history of the disease. Identifying BRCA1 and BRCA2 has led to new techniques for lowering, detecting, and treating breast cancer, and lowering the risk for the disease. For women who wish to be tested, we can now establish whether the two genes are normal or not.
Genetic Mutation
On January 28, 2008, scientists discovered that atleast 1% of austism is caused by too little or too much of a particular strand of an estima6ted 25 genes on chromosome 16. Discovering this cause can lead to treatment to children diagnosed with austism.
-Michel Lee
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. Worldwide, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer after lung cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer death. However, among women worldwide, breast cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer, both in incidence and death. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths worldwide. The number of cases worldwide has significantly increased since the 1970s, a phenomenon partly blamed on modern lifestyles in the Western world.Breast cancer incidence is much higher in the Western world, whether in Europe or North America, than in third world countries. North American women have the highest incidence of breast cancer in the world. Among women in the U.S., breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second-most common cause of cancer death. Women in the U.S. have a 1 in 8 lifetime chance of developing invasive breast cancer and a 1 in 35 chance of breast cancer causing their death. In 2007, breast cancer was expected to cause 40,910 deaths in the U.S.
Sunburn and UV light can cause damage to your skin. There are other factors including your heredity and the environment you live in. Tanning is a protective reaction to prevent further injury to your skin from the sun. However it does not prevent skin cancer. Skin cancer is very slow the develop. The sunburn you recieve may take up to 20 years to become skin cancer.
Marissa 3-4
Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases (A,G,C,T). Human DNA consists of about 3 million bases and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
Talissa Riley 8/9
Breast Caner
There are many different types of breast cancer.Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply without control or order to form a tumor.. The most common form of breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts that carry milk to the nipple.This is called ductal cancer.When you first get breast cancer it usually does not cause pain and you may not notice any symptoms.As the cancer progresses, signs and symptoms can include a lump or thickening in or near the breast, a change in the size or shape of the breast,nipple discharge, tenderness or retraction or skin irritation.If breast cancer spreads cancerous cells then might appear in the bones, liver, lungs, or brain.
MARQUICHA GREENE :]
A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. One type of gene mutation is deletion. A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s). Such changes in genes and proteins control why your hair might be curly rather than straight, how tall you are, and why you might be at risk for developing cancer. Cancer, for example, can occur because one or more of your body's proteins are not acting correctly. They tell your cells to do things they normally wouldn't do — like multiply out of control. One specific type of cancer is Skin Cancer. Skin cancer is the cancer that forms in the tissues. There are several different types of skin cancer. Skin cancer that forms in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment) is called melanoma. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.
Can a man have a baby?
Another person lived inside a man for nearly four decades.
Fetus in fetus happens very early in a twin pregnancy, when one fetus wraps around and envelops the other. The dominant fetus grows, while the fetus that would have been its twin lives on throughout the pregnancy, feeding off its host twin like die before birth from the strain of sharing a placenta. In Bhagatcase was the host twin survives and his delivered. That make his case so unusual is that no one suspected Bhagat has a twin inside him for 36years. Bhagat said he was very much relived after his operation. How a man can have twin living in him how can that happen? On August 23, 2006, Sanju Bhagat stomach was once so swollen he looked nine months pregnant and could barely breathe. Living in the city of Nagpur, India, Bhagat he’d said felt self-conscious his whole life about his big bell. How can a man carry his brother in his bell and a man doesn’t have a womb so he can’t have a baby. But some rare pregnancies in women occur outside the womb, in or near the place where the baby is normally conceived. Bhagat twin was in his bell how can the gene pass from his mother to her son.
Jenay Smith
3/27/08
Period: 8-9
Genetic Mutation – Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a general term for a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. It is divided into two major categories Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. 71,380 people in the United States are going to be diagnosed with lymphoma in 2007. You know someone has this mutation when, a type of white blood cell called lymphocyte undergoes a malignant change. They begin to multiply and get rid of healthy cells whail creating tumors that enlarge parts of the immune system.
Symptoms of this mutation is a painless swelling of the neck, underarm, or in the groin. Fevers, chills, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, lack of energy, and itching.
Mutations occur with changes in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material. Every human has a change that occurs in their DNA over time. Sometimes copying errors occurs when DNA is replicating itself. Most changes occur though environmental agents like cigarette smoke, and radiation. Also some of the changes occur in cells in the body, like skin cells for example. Luckily these cells are not passed on to children.
Vondell Saunders
Biology
Missense Mutation
Missense Mutation is a type of point mutation. It is where single nucleotides are changed to cause substitution of different amino acids. That can render the resulting protein nonfunctional.This mutation is responsible for Epidermolysis bullosa, and sickle cell disease. Not all Missense Mutations lead to major protein changes. With a Missense Mutation, the new nucleotide alters the codon so as to produce an altered amino acid in the protein product. Its a a mutation that results in the substitution of an amino acid in a protein. This mutation is a genetic change involving the substitution of one base in the DNA for another which results in the substitution of one amino acid in a polypeptide for another. The first missense mutation discovered in humans was responsible for sickle hemoglobin, the molecular basis of sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia.Missense Mutation is predicted to disrupt DNA's binding causes.
Mutations occur with changes in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material. Every human has a change that occurs in their DNA over time. Sometimes copying errors occurs when DNA is replicating itself. Most changes occur though environmental agents like cigarette smoke, and radiation. Also some of the changes occur in cells in the body, like skin cells for example. Luckily these cells are not passed on to children.
Marissa 3-4
DNA translation is the process that converts an mRNA sequence into a string of amino acids that form a protein.
Daivon Jackson 3/4
There is also an adulthood form of ALD which occurs in men. The disease is called Adrenomyleueropathy, or AMN. AMN causes demylination of the spinal cord and gives people bowel disturbances. Scientist and researchers identified more than 4,000 genetic diseases. Millions people around the world are diagnosed with genetic diseases. Those people who have been diagnosed with are very unfortunate. There are many foundations helping to cure diseases. Those diagnosed are just waiting for the cure.
As I was reading your essay I learned that there are more thanb 100 different types of cancer. I also learned that Gene mutations is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.
As I was reading your essay I learned that there are more than 100 different types of cancer. I also learned that Gene mutations is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.
Malaria, Dimitris koutsialis
Approximately 300 million people worldwide are affected by malaria and between 1 and 1.5 million people die from it every year. Previously extremely widespread, the malaria is now mainly confined to Africa, Asia and Latin America. The problems of controlling malaria in these countries are aggravated by inadequate health structures and poor socioeconomic conditions. The situation has become even more complex over the last few years with the increase in resistance to the drugs normally used to combat the parasite that causes the disease.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium can produce the disease in its various forms:
0. Plasmodium falciparum
0. Plasmodium vivax
0. Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malaria
P. falciparum is the most widespread and dangerous of the four: untreated it can lead to fatal cerebral malaria
Malaria parasites are transmitted from one person to another by the female anopheline mosquito. The males do not transmit the disease as they feed only on plant juices. There are about 380 species of anopheline mosquito, but only 60 or so are able to transmit the parasite. Like all other mosquitos, the anophelines breed in water, each species having its preferred breeding grounds, feeding patterns and resting place. Their sensitivity to insecticides is also highly variable.
Tihira Johnson
Period 8/9
One look around a room tells you that each person has slight differences in their physical make up — and therefore in their DNA. These subtle variations in DNA are called polymorphisms (literally "many forms"). Many of these gene polymorphisms account for slight differences between people such as hair and eye color. But some gene variations may result in disease or an increased risk for disease. Although all polymorphisms are the result of a mutation in the gene, geneticists only refer to a change as a mutation when it is not part of the normal variations between people.
Tihira Johnson
Period 8/9
One look around a room tells you that each person has slight differences in their physical make up — and therefore in their DNA. These subtle variations in DNA are called polymorphisms (literally "many forms"). Many of these gene polymorphisms account for slight differences between people such as hair and eye color. But some gene variations may result in disease or an increased risk for disease. Although all polymorphisms are the result of a mutation in the gene, geneticists only refer to a change as a mutation when it is not part of the normal variations between people.
CHARLES 6/7
GENE MUTATION LUNG CANCER
LUNG CANCER IS A GENE MUTATION IT IS AN UN-CONTROLLED GROTH OF ABNORMAL CELLS IN LUNG TISSUE. A CLUSTER OF THESE CELLS IS CALLED A TUMOR WHICH CAN CONTINUE TO GROW AND INTERFERE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTIONS. SMOKING CIGARETTES, CIGARS OR ANY TYPE OF TOBACCO OR SMOKE TO THE LUNGS MAY CAUSE LUNG CANCER.
Men carrying a genetic mutation that significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in women are at a greater risk of prostate and pancreatic cancers than men without the mutation.
Although the gene does not seem to have as great an effect as other established cancer genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer, it may be present in a greater number of persons, the scientists say.
The gene may be implicated in such cancers as chronic myeloid leukemia, as well as thyroid, colorectal, breast, lung, or early stage pancreatic tumors.
Cancer gene mutations are found in one percent of the total general population. Some researchers showed that a lifetime risk for breast,orarian and other cancers are elevated for people carrying the BRCA/2 mutations. Some mutations have higher and some lower risk for developing cancers. Cancer risk differed for each gene according to the mutations position in the gene. I have a quote from a website by Risch, he is from the Yale cancer center. "When choosing which individuals to screen for muatations, we should consider all kinds of cancers among family members, not just cancers in females."
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells, a disorder of cell division. Cancer does react normally to the body's control mechanism. Cancer forms tumors that can prevent the body part from working normally. This is caused by agents called carcinogens such as sunlight or tobacco smoke. By Atiya Groomes 8/9
March 24, 2008 7:40 PM
Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells, a disorder of cell division. Cancer does react normally to the body's control mechanism. Cancer forms tumors that can prevent the body part from working normally. This is caused by agents called carcinogens such as sunlight or tobacco smoke. By Atiya Groomes 8/9
March 24, 2008 7:40 PM
adrenoleukodystrophy is a heriditary disease that is passed from mother to son. ALD is found on the x chromosome and therefore only males get it. ALD is a disease that eats away at the myelin i a person. and eventually a person looses all basic functions. they experience loss of sight, hearing, have seizures and suffer from adrenal insuffiency, eventaully go mute, are immobile and are basically in a vegetative state. oils are used in a persons diet to help reduce these symptoms and lower their c-26 levels. ALD can also be cured if diagnosed early enough in it's stages.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) (also known as Schilder's Disease and Sudanophilic Leukodystrophy) is a rare inherited disorder that leads to progressive brain damage, failure of the adrenal gland and eventually death. ALD is one disease in a group of inherited disorders called Leukodystrophies. Adrenoleukodystrophy progressively damages the myelin, a complex fatty neural tissue that insulates many nerves of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Without myelin, nerves are unable to conduct an impulse, leading to increasing disability as myelin destruction increases and intensifies. An essential protein, called a transporter protein, is missing in sufferers. This protein is needed to carry an enzyme which is used to break down long chain fatty acids found in the normal diet. A build up of these long chain fatty acids in the body due to this can cause damage to the brain and the adrenal gland. The victims of ALD are nearly always male, with about one in five women carrying the disease developing a milder form in adult life. There are several different types of the disease which can be inherited in two different ways. It is more commonly inherited as an X-linked condition.
Although this disorder affects the growth and/or development of myelin, Leukodystrophies are different from demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis where myelin is formed normally but is lost by immunologic dysfunction or for other reasons.
Ms thomas this Jamahal redmond class 8,9
I research on albinism it is a genetic disorder that is transmitted by a recesive trait. It makes you lack pigments that protects your body from ultra violent rays.Every person with condition will have a parent with the condition
A gene is essentially a sentence made up of the bases A, T, G, and C that describes how to make a protein. Any changes to those instructions can alter the gene's meaning and change the protein that is made, or how or when a cell makes that protein. There are many different ways to alter a gene, just as there are many different ways to introduce typos into a sentence. In the following examples of some types of mutations, we use the sentence "The fat cat ate the wee rat" as a sample gene:
Point Mutation
A point mutation is a simple change in one base of the gene sequence. This is equivalent to changing one letter in a sentence, such as this example, where we change the 'c' in cat to an 'h':
Original
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Point Mutation The fat hat ate the wee rat.
Frame-shift mutation
Frame-shift mutations. In a frame shift mutation, one or more bases are inserted or deleted, the equivalent of adding or removing letters in a sentence. But because our cells read DNA in three letter "words", adding or removing one letter changes each subsequent word. This type of mutation can make the DNA meaningless and often results in a shortened protein. An example of a frame-shift mutation using our sample sentence is when the 't' from cat is removed, but we keep the original letter spacing:
Original
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift The fat caa tet hew eer at.
Deletion
Mutations that result in missing DNA are called deletions. These can be small, such as the removal of just one "word," or longer deletions that affect a large number of genes on the chromosome. Deletions can also cause frameshift mutations. In this example, the deletion eliminated the word cat.
Original
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Deletion The fat ate the wee rat.
Insertion
Mutations that result in the addition of extra DNA are called insertions. Insertions can also cause frameshift mutations, and general result in a nonfunctional protein.
Original
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.
Inversion
In an inversion mutation, an entire section of DNA is reversed. A small inversion may involve only a few bases within a gene, while longer inversions involve large regions of a chromosome containing several genes.
Original
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Insertion The fat tar eew eht eta tac.
DNA expression mutation
There are many types of mutations that change not the protein itself but where and how much of a protein is made. These types of changes in DNA can result in proteins being made at the wrong time or in the wrong cell type. Changes can also occur that result in too much or too little of the protein being made.
Marcel Northcutt
Germline Mutation
What is Germline mutation? Gerline mutation is a gene change in the body’s reproductive cell that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. Germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. This is also called hereditary mutation. Germline mutation is any detectable, heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells are transmitted to offspring while those in somatic cells are not. You would usually find this in animals, where germ cells are distinct from somatic cells.
Brandon Priester said:
Hey, what if you could put a leopard and a lion together in one body? Well you can it’s called a leopon. A leopon comes from breeding a male leopard and female lion. The head is similar to a lion and the rest of the body is similar to a leopard. This stunning creature was born first in Kolhapur, India in 1910. It had two cubs, one died aged 2 and half months and the other was still alive when Pocock described it in 1912. Pocock said that it was spotted like a leopard, but the spots on its sides were smaller and closer set than an Indian leopard and were brown and faint like fading spots of a juvenile lion. The spots on the head, spine, belly and legs were black and distinct. The tail was spotted on the topside and striped underneath and had a blackish tip with longer hairs. Under it was dirty white, the ears were fawn and had a broad black bar but did not have the white spot found in leopards. Pocock wrote that the closest he had previously seen to this type of hybrid was the lijagulep (Congolese Spotted Lion) bred in Chicago.
One group of innovative students in period 3-4 biology wrote this poem to explain how bromeliads, such as pineapples, have helped small creatures adapt in sheltered pools found inside their stiff, cupped leaves:
"Find a Home in the Bromeliads"
I feel like a frog with my child on my back.
That pineapple is where my tadpole will lay.
That pineapple that bromeliad, coming all the way from Central land, South America, holds my child in its leaves.
Those 175,000 bromelieads per hectare in that forest holds many a child and many a home.
It doesn't matter the size, wither it's 20 quadrillion times smaller than Lake Tanganyika, one of your leaf pools can be home to quite a menagerie.
Many find sustenance and nourishment in your leaves, dear bromeliads.
Salamander and crabs alike find life.
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